钢绞线拉伸过程中的声发射特征及其损伤演化模型
李冬生,欧进萍
(哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150090)
摘要:针对常规的无损检剥方法不能够动态跟踪钢绞线的损伤演化过程,提出了采用声发射技术来监测钢绞线的损伤演化。利用钢绞线的拉伸试验,对其损伤全过程进行了声发射监测,得到了钢绞线拉伸损伤全过程的声发射特征信号:钢绞线在断裂之前,声发射特征参数并不明显,在接近断裂时,声发射信号迅速增大,并在屈服点附近出现一个大的宠发信号。通过声发射机理分析,发现声发射累积能量可作为钢绞线损伤的特征参量,能动态分析钢绞线损伤演化过程和规律,较容易判断断丝的根数和发生的时刻。利用声发射累积能量的相对变化来定义钢绞线损伤因子,推导了用声发射特征参数表示钢绞线损伤演化方程,此方程可用威布尔累积分布函数采描述,并对其正确性与合理性给予了验证与分析。
关键词:桥梁工程;损伤演化模型;声发射;钢绞线;健康监测;声发射累积能量
中图分类号:U444.03 文献标识码:A
Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Damage Evolution Model of Steel Strands in Tensile Test
LI Dong-sheng, OU Jin-ping
(School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technolvgy , Heilongjiang Harbin 150090, China)
Abstract: Conventional non-destruclive methods can , t dynamically monitor the steel strands damage evolution process, so acoustic emission technique is proposed to monitor the damage. Experiments on acouslic emission characteristics of full-regime steel strands tensilefailure are carried out. Acoustic emission characteristic purameters of steel strand damage are obtained. The testing results show that theacoustic emission characteristic parameter isn' t apparent before fracture , the acoustic ermission signal increases rapidly when approaching critical fracture point and appears a big burst signal nearby yield point. According to the correlalion figure of acoustic emissionaccumulative energy , damage characteristic parameter of steel strand can he expressed throngh acoustic emission accumulative energy, the damage evolution process and law can be dynamically analyzed and broken strand numbers and time are very easily judged. Based on the monitoring data, the relationship between acoustic emission parameter and damage variables is derived. The steel strand tensile damageevolution equation is defined with acoustic emission accumulative energy relative change , the equation can be expressed using WeibullCumulative dstribution function, its rightness and rationality are verified through experiments.
Key words: bridge engineering; damage evolution mordal; acoustic ermission; steel strand; health monitoring; acoustic emission accumulative energy
钢绞线由于具有抗拉强度高、长度不受限制、比较柔软易于盘弯、运输方便、螺旋外形等优点,现已广泛应用于桥梁拉索和预应力混凝土结构体系中[1]。但是,钢绞线经常在恶劣的环境中工作,空气中的水分、氧气和腐蚀介质(如雨水中杂质、烟尘、表面沉积物等联合作用)的侵入,致使钢绞线发生化学和电化学作用。在其表面形成蚀坑;又因为它长期承受动静荷载作用,这些蚀坑在拉应力作用下,将不断发展,当达到临界状态时,钢绞线将发生断裂(如四川宜宾小南门桥倒塌),造成严重的交通事故和人员伤亡,带来巨大的经济损伤和社会影响[2]。因此,寻找一种快速、安全、可靠的方法来检测钢绞线损伤演化显得非常必要!然而常规的无损检测方法对其不适,与常规的无损检测方法相比较,声发射检测技术是一种动态、被动检测技术,声发射来自缺陷变化,一旦有缺陷变化,声发射技术就能获取这一信息[3-4]。此外,利用声发射技术监测钢绞线的损伤,传感器的布设非常简单,固定在钢绞线的表面即可,不需要检测装置与钢绞线之间的相对移动[5],非常适用于钢绞线损伤在线监测及早期或临近破坏预报。
本文首先通过拉伸试验,得到钢绞线整个损伤过程的声发射特征,并根据声发射特征参数的变化,揭示钢绞线拉伸损伤演化过程和规律。然后,将声发射特征参数作为钢绞线拉伸损伤的参数,度量损伤程度,导出声发射参数同损伤变量的关系,并建立用声发射参数表示的钢绞线拉伸损伤演化方程。