不同强度岩石的破坏过程及声发射数值模拟
王学滨
辽宁工程技术大学力学与工程科学系，阜新 123000
摘 要 采用FLAC模拟了初始内聚力及内摩擦角对具有随机材料缺陷单轴平面应变压缩岩样破坏过程及声发射的影响；采用编写的若干FISH函数规定随机缺陷及统计发生破坏的单元数目。密实的岩石服从莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则，破坏之后呈现应变软化一理想塑性行为；缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为。随着密实岩石强度参数的提高，从应力峰值到残余应力的应力降、轴向应变增量提高，贯通试样的剪切带出现滞后，试样内部最终发生破坏的单元数降低。对于密实岩石强度参数高的试样。缺陷全部发生破坏之后。密实岩石没有立即发生破坏；应力峰值被达到之后，破坏的单元数增长不大。在加载过程中，声发射数有显著增加的三个区段。区段1、2及区段3的绝大部分位于峰前。在区段3的峰前阶段，声发射数的增加源于缺陷的长大、聚结、传播和竞争。强度参数越高，区段3越长，区段3的峰值越低。这表明当密实岩石的强度参数较高时，密实岩石单元破坏相继发生，破坏过程持续得较长。
关键词：岩石；破坏过程；内聚力；内摩擦角；剪切带；声发射；随机缺陷
分类号：TU452
Numerical simulation of failure processes and acoustic emissions of rock specimens with different strengths
WANG Xuebin
Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences，Liaoning Technical University，Fuxin 123000，China
ABSTRACT For rock specimens with initially random material imperfections in uniaxial plane strain compression, the effects of initial cohesion and internal friction angle on the failure processes were modeledusing FLAC.FISH functions were used to generate random imperfections and toremember the number of failed elements. For the intact rock exhibiting the linear strain-softeningbehaviorbeyond the occurrence of failure and then the ideal plastic behavior, the failure criterion is a composite Mohr-Coulomb criterion withtension cut-off.The imperfection undergoes the ideal plastic behavior beyond the occurrence of failure.As the strength parameters(initial cohesion and internal friction angle) increase, the stress drop and incremental axial strain from the peak stress to the residualstress increase; the occurrence of shear fractures intersecting the specimen is later and the final number of yielded elements decreases.For the intact rock with higher strength parameters, after all imperfections fail it does not fail immediately; instead, when the axialstress reaches a certain value it starts to yield and the increase in the number of failed elements is less apparent beyond the peak stress.In the loading process, the acoustic emissions are apparent in three stages. The first stage, the second stage and a majority of the third stage appear at pre-peak. Prior to the peak stress and in the third stage, the increase in the acoustic emissions results from the extension, coalescence and propagation of imperfections and the competition among imperfections. Higher strength perameters of theintact rock cause the third stage to be wider and the number of acoustic emissions to be lower, suggesting that the failure is more progressive and the failure duration is longer .
KEY WORDS rock; failure process; cohesion; internal friction angle; shear band; acoustic emission; random imperfection
岩石的内聚力及内摩擦角越高，岩石的强度越高，高内摩擦角将引起高的剪切带倾角[1-2],遗憾的是，在实验研究中，不能确保若干岩样仅有不同的内聚力及内摩擦角，而有其他相同的物理、力学参数。因此，内聚力及内摩擦角的单独影响难于从实验角度进行研究．这一不足可由采用有限元法或有限差分法的数值试验避免。
在数值试验[3-4]中，采用威布尔分布函数描述单元强度的随机变化，常采用峰后脆一理想塑性的本构关系，未考虑相对复杂的峰后应变软化一理想塑性的本构关系。过去的数值试验[3-4]未涉及内聚力及内摩擦角的影响。
文献[5-8]采用FLAC内嵌语言FISH编制了计算平面应变压缩岩样全部变形特征的FISH函数，研究了初始内聚力及初始内摩擦角、扩容角、缺陷位置及软化模量对边界上含单一材料缺陷的均质岩样的破坏过程、模式及全部变形特征的影响。
本文利用编写的一个FISH函数于岩样内部预制初始随机材料缺陷[9]，利用编写的一个FISH函数统计试样发生破坏的单元总数(声发射累计数)，利用编写的一个FISH函数统计试样每10个时间步内破坏的单元数(声发射数)，采用FLAC模拟了初始内聚力及内摩擦角对具有随机材料缺陷岩样破坏过程的影响。
